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U.S. Geological Survey
Customer Services Representative
605-594-6151
605-594-6589
47914 252nd Street
Sioux Falls
SD
US
custserv@usgs.gov
57198-0001
0800 - 1600 MT, M – F
20230822
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U.S. Geological Survey
Customer Services Representative
605-594-6151
605-594-6589
47914 252nd Street
Sioux Falls
SD
US
custserv@usgs.gov
57198-0001
0800 - 1600 MT, M – F
Downloadable data
ONLINE_LINKAGES
Enterprise Geodatabase Raster Dataset
NLCD CONUS 2021 Tree Canopy Cover
20230401
v2021-4
raster digital data
NLCD Tree Canopy Cover
none
NLCD Tree Canopy Cover
U.S. Geological Survey
Customer Services Representative
605-594-6151
605-594-6589
47914 252nd Street
Sioux Falls
SD
US
custserv@usgs.gov
57198-0001
0800 - 1600 CT, M - F (-6h VST/-5h CDT GMT)
FirstMap
State of Delaware Department of Technology & Information
801 Silver Lake Blvd.
Dover
DE
19904
US
302-739-9500
<DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><P><SPAN>The USDA Forest Service (USFS) builds two versions of percent tree canopy cover data, in order to serve needs of multiple user communities. These datasets encompass conterminous United States (CONUS), Coastal Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands (PRUSVI). The two versions of data within the v2021-4 TCC product suite include: The initial model outputs referred to as the Science data; And a modified version built for the National Land Cover Database and referred to as NLCD data. The NLCD product suite includes data for years 2011, 2013, 2016, 2019 and 2021. The NCLD data are processed to remove small interannual changes from the annual TCC timeseries, and to mask TCC pixels that are known to be 0 percent TCC, non-tree agriculture, and water. A small interannual change is defined as a TCC change less than an increase or decrease of 10 percent compared to a TCC baseline value established in a prior year. The initial TCC baseline value is the mean of 2008-2010 TCC data. For each year following 2011, on a pixel-wise basis TCC values are updated to a new baseline value if an increase or decrease of 10 percent TCC occurs relative to the 2008-2010 TCC baseline value. If no increase or decrease greater than 10 percent TCC occurs relative to the 2008-2010 baseline, then the 2008-2010 TCC baseline value is caried through to the next year in the timeseries. Pixel values range from 0 to 100 percent. The non-processing area is represented by value 254, and the background is represented by the value 255. The Science and NLCD tree canopy cover data are accessible for multiple user communities, through multiple channels and platforms. For information on the Science data and processing steps see the Science metadata. Information on the NLCD data and processing steps are included here.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
The goal of this project is to provide CONUS and OCONUS with complete, current and consistent public domain tree canopy cover information. This version is an extract of data from within the Delaware State boundary.
Funding for this project was provided by the U.S. Forest Service (USFS). RedCastle Resources produced the dataset under contract to the USFS Geospatial Technology and Applications Center.
U.S. Geological Survey
Customer Services Representative
605-594-6151
605-594-6589
47914 252nd Street
Sioux Falls
SD
US
custserv@usgs.gov
57198-0001
0800 - 1600 CT, M - F (-6h VST/-5h CDT GMT)
U.S.
USA
United States of America
Lower 48
Conterminous United States
CONUS
United States of America
Tree Density
Digital Spatial Data
Tree Canopy Cover
Continuous
Percent Tree Canopy
Remote Sensing
GIS
Change
Landsat
Sentinel-2
LandTrendr
NGDA Portfolio Themes
NGDA
National Geospatial Data Asset
ISO 19115 Category
BaseMaps
EarthCover
Imagery
Environment
BaseMaps
EarthCover
Imagery
Digital Spatial Data
Continuous
NGDA
Remote Sensing
National Geospatial Data Asset
Percent Tree Canopy
Environment
GIS
FirstMap
Delaware
The USDA Forest Service makes no warranty, expressed or implied, including the warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, nor assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, reliability, completeness or utility of these geospatial data, or for the improper or incorrect use of these geospatial data. These geospatial data and related maps or graphics are not legal documents and are not intended to be used as such. The data and maps may not be used to determine title, ownership, legal descriptions or boundaries, legal jurisdiction, or restrictions that may be in place on either public or private land. Tree Canopy Cover changes may or may not be depicted on the data and maps, and land users should exercise due caution. The data are dynamic and may change over time. The user is responsible to verify the limitations of the geospatial data and to use the data accordingly.
none
n/a
<DIV STYLE="text-align:Left;"><DIV><DIV><P><SPAN>These data were collected using funding from the U.S. Government and can be used without additional permissions or fees. If you use these data in a publication, presentation, or other research product please use the following citation: USDA Forest Service. 2023. USFS NLCD Percent Tree Canopy CONUS v2021-4. Sioux Falls, SD.</SPAN></P><P><SPAN>The State of Delaware makes no warranty or representation, expressed or implied, with respect to the quality, content, accuracy, completeness, currency, or non-infringement of proprietary rights, of any of the GIS or other data or information, or any other materials and items, that are displayed or made available for download from this site. All such data, information, items and materials (collectively, the “FirstMap Data”) are provided "as is" and users are fully and solely responsible for any consequences of use. FirstMap Data may have been created from a variety of sources, including sources beyond the control of the State of Delaware, and are subject to change without notice. To the extent you use, apply, add to, modify or implement this information in your own information system or other setting, or otherwise for your own purposes, you do so at your own risk. In no event shall the State of Delaware or its agencies, officers, employees, agents, or representatives be liable for any damages of any kind or nature whatsoever including, but not limited to, direct, indirect, special, punitive, incidental, exemplary or consequential damages arising from your downloading, modifying, sharing, distributing, or using of FirstMap Data even if notified of the possibility of such damages. Further, the State of Delaware does not accept liability for any damages or misrepresentation caused by inaccuracies in the FirstMap Data or as a result of changes to the FirstMap Data, nor is there responsibility assumed to maintain the FirstMap Data in any manner or form.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
Corner Coordinates (center of pixel, meters): upper left: -2493045.0 (X), 3310005.0 (Y); lower right: 2342655.0 (X), 177285.0 (Y).
Esri ArcGIS 12.9.7.32739
The Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics continental United States study area without Alaska
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20210601
20210901
FirstMap
State of Delaware Department of Technology & Information
801 Silver Lake Blvd.
Dover
DE
19904
US
302-739-9500
FirstMap
The USDA Forest Service makes no warranty, expressed or implied, including the warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, nor assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, reliability, completeness or utility of these geospatial data, or for the improper or incorrect use of these geospatial data. These geospatial data and related maps or graphics are not legal documents and are not intended to be used as such. The data and maps may not be used to determine title, ownership, legal descriptions or boundaries, legal jurisdiction, or restrictions that may be in place on either public or private land. Tree Canopy Cover changes may or may not be depicted on the data and maps, and land users should exercise due caution. The data are dynamic and may change over time. The user is responsible to verify the limitations of the geospatial data and to use the data accordingly.
The USFS Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program photo-interpreted percent tree canopy cover (TCC) response data. Photointerpretation (PI) measured TCC using a custom ArcGIS plug-in tool (Goeking et al., 2012) from 105-point grids placed in 90x90 squares centered on USFS FIA plot design. A total of 55,242 PI plots were used in TCC modeling.
2012-01-01T00:00:00
Creation of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) derivatives. A CONUS-wide terrain dataset used a predictor layer was provided by the USGS 3D Elevation Program (U.S. Geological Survey, 2019). Slope, aspect, and the sine and cosine of aspect were calculated for each pixel following industry standards.
2022-09-01T00:00:00
Creation of cropland data layer (CDL) binary mask. The annual binary agriculture data were produced by classifying all non-tree CDL crops as agriculture and everything else as non-agriculture.
20130101
Two sets of annual medoid composites were created. Set 1 does not include any Landsat 7 data occurring after 2002. Set 2 includes all available Landsat 7 data through 2015. To generate annual composites Landsat and Sentinel 2 imagery were collected from 1984-2022 from Julian day 153-273 for 1984-2015, and Julian day 182-244 for 2016-2022. Landsat 7 imagery were used from 1999-2002, and not used after 2002 due to scan line correction failure in 2003. For Landsat image collections, the CFmask cloud masking algorithm, an implementation of Fmask 2.0 was applied (Zhu and Woodcock 2012; Foga et al., 2017), and the cloudScore algorithm (Chastain et al., 2019). For Sentinel-2 data, the s2Cloudless algorithm was used to mask clouds (Zupanc, 2017). We used the Temporal Dark Outlier Mask (TDOM) method to mask cloud shadows in both Landsat and Sentinel-2 (Chastain et al., 2019). For each year, the annual geometric medoid was computed to summarize the data into a single annual composite for each of the 54 tiles that span the CONUS.
20221001
The Landsat-based detection of Trends in Disturbance and Recovery (LandTrendr) temporal segmentation algorithm was applied to the two sets of composite time series in Google Earth Engine (GEE) (Kennedy et al., 2018; Cohen et al., 2018). The resulting two sets of LandTrendr time-series fitted values were used as independent predictor variables in random forest models (Breiman 2001). Stripping artifacts were observed in preliminary modeling of TCC when LandTrendr set 2 visible bands - derived from composite set 2 data that includes all Landsat 7 data through 2015 - were included as predictor layers. To avoid stripping artifacts the visible bands from LandTrendr set 2 fitted values were not used in modeling.
20221015
Creation of the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) TCC dataset (main process). The NLCD dataset is generated from the FS Science product. The FS Science 2011 TCC dataset was created for the CONUS. For CONUS, 54 tiles were used in a 5x5 moving window where model calibration data was gathered from the moving windows and random forest models were created. The random forest models were applied applied to the center tiles. The final dataset is a mosaic of TCC values for all the moving window tiles.Six major steps were employed to map TCC and produce the NLCD product: 1) collection of reference data, 2) acquisition and/or creation of predictor layers, 3) calibration of random forests regression models for each mapping area using response data and predictor layers, 4) application of those models to predict per-pixel TCC across the entire mapping area, 5) a series of data quality filtering steps to generate the NCLD TCC product, and 6) exporting NLCD images from Google Earth Engine (GEE) to local computers for further post-processing that includes the creation of the CONUS-wide mosaic. The methodology is described further below, in the technical methods document (Housman et al., 2023), and in an upcoming manuscript in preparation (Heyer et al., 2023). For the NLCD product, additional post-processing steps were performed.Step 1: Reference data, consisting of estimated TCC at each of the 63,010 FIA plot locations, were generated via aerial image interpretation of high spatial resolution images collected and supplied by the U.S. Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program. The spatial distribution of the sample points follows the FIA systematic grid (Brand et al. 2000). Low quality FIA PI observations were removed for a total of 55,242 FIA plots used in modelingStep 2: Predictor layers include two sets of LandTrendr fitted images spectral derivatives. Set 1 (no Landsat 7 data after 2002) includes all optical bands and indices. Set 2 (includes all Landsat 7 data through 2015) excludes Landsat 7 visible bands to avoid stripping artifacts. Other predictor layers include a binary agriculture layer (1=agriculture, 0 = non-agriculture), elevation data, and terrain derivatives (slope, aspect, sine of aspect, cosine of aspect). The processes for creating the derived layers are described separately (see related Process Steps).Step 3: For each 480 km x 480 km moving window tile, a random forest model was built from 2011 response and predictor data that fell over a 5x5 tile neighborhood for that tile. For each model, the variable selection R package VSURF (Genuer et al., 2015) was used to determine the number of variables to randomly sample at tree splits (mtry). Models were generated locally using the random forest regression algorithm "sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestRegressor" from the Scikit-Learn package in python (Pedregosa et al. 2011).Step 4: In GEE, models were applied to each tile for CONUS, producing a 2-layered Science image. The first layer was the random forests mean predicted TCC value and the second layer was the standard error, which is the per-pixel standard error of the random forests regression predictions from the individual regression trees.Step 5: From the Science TCC product the NLCD TCC product was generated following a series of post-processing steps, including various masking of non-treed pixels, a minimum-mapping unit (MMU) to reduce single pixel speckle, and a process to reduce interannual noise. For masking, a three-year moving window tree mask was produced from the Landscape Change and Monitoring System (LCMS) landcover product tree classes (Housman et al., 2022). A three-year moving window ensured TCC predictions in forested pixels were used. Next, the annual Crop Data Layer (CDL) (USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service Cropland Data Layer, 2007-2022) and the NLCD water layers from 2011, 2013, 2016 and 2019 (Dewitz and U.S. Geological Survey, 2021) were used to mask non-treed agricultural crops and water from the three-year moving window LCMS tree masks. To reduce single pixel speckle a one way (pixels can be converted from tree to non-tree but not visa versa) MMU was then applied to the LCMS tree masks outside of urban areas. The MMU-updated treed pixels (less than 4 pixels) surrounded by non-treed pixels to non-treed pixels. In order to avoid masking highly fragmented tree cover common over urban areas, a separate urban tree mask was produced. The urban TCC mask includes the TIGER U.S. Census Block 2018 data, LCMS land use developed data, and statistic that normalized the expected error, which we refer to as tau (Coulston et al., 2016), calculated for each CONUS 5x5 tile moving window processing area. The TIGER and LCMS developed data were used to separate urban TCC from non-urban TCC. The tau statistic at the 87 percentile percent confidence level (or quantile) was used to threshold the TCC values. If a TCC value subtracted from the tau multiplied by the standard error value was less than 0, the TCC value was changed to 0. The final urban TCC mask was the combination of the TIGER, LCMS land use developed data and tau thresholded mask. The LCMS tree mask and urban TCC masks were applied to annual TCC images to produce the NLCD TCC v2021-4 product. For each image, the non-area processing value is 254, and the background value is 255.
2023-02-01T00:00:00
All years are modeled separately. As such, measurements from one year to another are not inherently dependent on other years
See the data quality report for methods
Data extend across the lower 48 conterminous United States
Model performance metrics including mean of squared residuals and percent variability explained were obtained from the 54 random forest regression models (Breiman, 2001; R Core Team 2020), that were used to derive tree canopy cover estimates. The maximum mean of squared residuals was 206.5 and the minimum was 91.3. The maximum percent variability explained was 89.7 and the minimum was 60.1. All model performance metrics can be found in a supplemental accuracy text file included.
20230401
20230401
20230401
For CONUS the weighted map RMSE is 12.8% TCC.
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nlcd_tcc_conus_2021_v2021-4.tif
Percent tree canopy cover
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8
0
0
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30.000000
30.000000
8
1
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LZ77
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pixel codes
SDR
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row and column
30.000000
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FirstMap
State of Delaware Department of Technology & Information
801 Silver Lake Blvd.
Dover
DE
19904
US
302-739-9500
FirstMap